On 2 July 2013 the Home Secretary launched a consultation on the use of the powers of stop and search. These powers included the most common ones used by the police, covering offences from theft and drugs to serious violence and public disorder. The consultation aimed to gauge the views of the public, police, campaign groups and other organisations. These views were considered under the themes of:

balancing public protection with the preservation of personal freedoms;

The consultation generated considerable interest and debate and attracted over 5,000 responses from a diverse demographic. It also made use of a number of different media to engage the public and encourage as many people as possible to make their views known. The Government has now analysed the responses which are summarised in this document. As a result of the analysis and on the basis of other evidence submitted to the consultation, the Government has developed a number of proposals which it will implement.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

Police powers of stop and search in the UK

This report by the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology was conducted to determine the efficacy of medical marijuana in several neurologic conditions.

The following were studied in patients with MS: (1) Spasticity: oral cannabis extract (OCE) is effective, and nabiximols and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) are probably effective, for reducing patient-centered measures; it is possible both OCE and THC are effective for reducing both patient-centered and objective measures at 1 year. (2) Central pain or painful spasms (including spasticity-related pain, excluding neuropathic pain): OCE is effective; THC and nabiximols are probably effective. (3) Urinary dysfunction: nabiximols is probably effective for reducing bladder voids/day; THC and OCE are probably ineffective for reducing bladder complaints. (4) Tremor: THC and OCE are probably ineffective; nabiximols is possibly ineffective. (5) Other neurologic conditions: OCE is probably ineffective for treating levodopa-induced dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson disease, Oral cannabinoids are of unknown efficacy in non-chorea-related symptoms of Huntington disease, Tourette syndrome, cervical dystonia, and epilepsy. The risks and benefits of medical marijuana should be weighed carefully. Risk of serious adverse psychopathologic effects was nearly 1%. Comparative effectiveness of medical marijuana vs other therapies is unknown for these indications.

Systematic review: Efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders

Cannabis is neither completely harmless, nor is it a cure-all. But with polls showing that there is a growing support to cannabis policy reform, it's fair to assume that most people no longer believe that legalisation would lead to the end of the world. Yet, some who support the reform, nonetheless have concerns that adding yet another legal drug (alongside alcohol, tobacco and pharmaceuticals ) for society to struggle with might result in an increase in use.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

Cannabis: The exit drug

Romania is a country located at the intersection of Central and South East Europe, bordering the Black Sea, finding itself along one of the main trafficking routes for heroin destined for Western Europe from Afghanistan. Consequently, heroin has been the illicit drug associated with the highest level of drug-related problems in Romania, with injection being the most common method of use. While cocaine (shipped from South America), ecstasy and amphetamines (from Western Europe) and cannabis are also commonly used, new psychoactive substances (NPS) have become increasingly popular in the country, with the proportion of those who inject NPS substantially increasing. Recent estimates suggest that these substances were being used by a third of all people dependent on drugs in 2010-2011. However, following the enforcement of Law 194/2011, the availability on NPS was substantially reduced among occasional people who use drugs, as the costs of these substances dramatically increased.

The information presented in this paper is drawn from the experiences of local service providers, young people who use drugs and a review of the available literature. This case study is designed to offer a snapshot of the drug policy and harm reduction landscape in Romania in relation to young people. Based on the findings of this case study, we offer a series of key recommendations for effective policy reform that can improve the health of, and reduce stigma towards, young people who use drugs in Romania.

IDPC/Youth RISE case study series - The impacts of drug policy on young people: Romania

Since the 1980s, Mauritius has experienced increasing levels of injecting drug use and has now one of highest per capita rates of illicit opiate use. Whilst Mauritius does have an established harm reduction response to drug use, young people who use drugs are denied access to these life-saving services and receive little support, leading to poor health outcomes and lost opportunities. Instead of supporting and protecting the health and well-being of young people who use drugs in Mauritius, drug policy has had a marginalising effect, both in the immediate and longer term.

This case study looks at these issues, presenting information drawn from surveillance data, policies and experiences of both local service providers and young people who use drugs themselves. In light of the challenges that young people face, this paper concludes with a series of recommendations for policy reform.

IDPC/Youth RISE case study series - The impacts of drug policy on young people: Mauritius

The Bahia School of Public Defense (Escola Superior da Defensoria Pública da Bahia – ESDEP) created its Criminal Justice Observatory (Observatório da Prática Penal) on May 2013. Its main goal is to collect, analyze, publish and discuss relevant data about how the Criminal Justice System works in Bahia (fourth most populous state in Brazil), starting with data from its capital and largest city, Salvador (third most populous in Brazil, largest in the northeast region).

This report, written as a cooperative effort with the International Drug Policy Consortium, is destined to provide the English-speaking readers with data on a relevant country, with the world’s fourth largest prison population, and a recent spike in incarceration rates for drug-related crimes.

Quarterly report on drug-related crimes in Bahia, Brazil

A pesquisa jurídica no Brasil vem passando por uma transformação intensa e saudável. Com o reconhecimento da insuficiência dos métodos de revisão bibliográfica e da pesquisa teórica, em geral, para dar conta de todos os problemas resultantes da vida jurídica, em especial os da vida prática, instituições de ensino superior, órgãos públicos e institutos de pesquisa vêm tentando realizar pesquisas empíricas, com destaque para a pesquisa jurisprudencial nas bases de dados dos tribunais superiores, mas, também, pesquisas sobre a tramitação processual em outras instâncias, sobre o trabalho das demais instituições dos sistemas judicial e policial e, até, da administração pública em geral.

São tantos os bons exemplos de pesquisas jurídicas empíricas (e sociais em sentido mais amplo) realizadas recentemente que não é prudente enumerá-los, visto que, ao fazê-lo, certamente se deixará de fora algum caso de inegável valor.

É nesse contexto que a Escola Superior da Defensoria Pública da Bahia resolveu constituir o seu Observatório da Prática Penal, para o aprimoramento dos serviços da Defensoria Pública e para contribuir com o debate público na área processual penal, considerando que o conhecimento construído a partir de dados consistentes, verificáveis e passíveis de discussão é indispensável para a compreensão da realidade, para a detecção de problemas e para a formulação de estratégias destinadas à sua resolução.

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Observatório da prática penal na Bahia, Brasil – boletim nº 01 – Fevereiro/2014 

Low qualifications and lack of employment are recognised within the Government’s strategy for Transforming Rehabilitation as key social issues related to re-offending.

Some local areas have already developed social enterprises as one way to overcome barriers around the employability of ex-offenders. However at the time of writing, there is currently very little that brings together learning or examples of effective practice to assist others in doing this.

Recognising this gap, the Home Office commissioned a short term programme of work undertaken in February and March 2013 by Clinks and Social Firms UK.

The programme set out to explore and assess the role of social enterprises in enabling both adult and young offenders to access training and employment opportunities. The results provide a body of work that will significantly contribute to cross-Government thinking about how to embed and support social enterprises working with offenders.

The development and publication of a series of twenty Case Studies. The social enterprises featured in the case study series were invited, following a competitive application process, to write about their own experiences and insights into the opportunities and barriers confronting their development and sustainability.

This Summary Report which brings together the key learning about developing and sustaining social enterprises offering employment and employability training to offenders.

Together they provide a valuable resource for newly established social enterprises, for those planning to establish social enterprises, for police, prisons and probation providers, for Police and Crime Commissioners, for local Integrated Offender Management (IOM) partnerships, and for policy makers.

These resources also complement previous work undertaken in partnership between Clinks and the Home Office aimed at increasing the Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise (VCSE) sector’s involvement in local IOM arrangements.

Providing employment and training opportunities for offenders: Growing sustainable work integration social enterprises

During recent years, we have seen a phenomenal international debate regarding the legal definition of cannabis. Prohibition has been loosing arguments against the increasing social demand for a change in drug policies.

Spain has not been unaware and has experienced very interesting initiatives favoring this change, like the so-called Socail Cannabic Clubs. On the contrary, if we focus on the rights of the people, we find a current trend from the Government to regulate the private sphere under moral grounds.

From legal uncertainty to a growing repression against drug users in Spain

Drug use is a major contributor to premature mortality. People who use drugs are up to ten times more likely to die suddenly or as a result of chronic diseases than people who do not use drugs.

Many of these deaths are preventable. This document provides a checklist for services and local areas that want to improve their practices in this area. The content is drawn from published evidence, authoritative guidance, and feedback from drug treatment services.

Preventing drug-related deaths in the UK

The vulnerability of people who inject drugs (PWID) to blood borne-infection was recognised early in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic, with the rapid spread resulting in high prevalence among PWID in many parts of the world. However, a number of countries, including the United Kingdom (UK), have reported a low HIV prevalence among PWID, which has been attributed to the timely introduction of comprehensive harm reduction measures, including needle and syringe programmes (NSPs) and opiate substitution therapy (OST). In the UK such measures were promptly introduced in the mid-1980s in response to substantial HIV outbreaks among PWID in two Scottish cities.

In England and Wales, HIV prevalence among PWID has been monitored in a consistent way since 1990, and reveals a consistently higher HIV prevalence among PWID in London compared to elsewhere. Throughout the course of the HIV epidemic in England and Wales policy related to both injecting drug use (IDU) and HIV have changed, as have patterns of drug use. This has resulted in changes to the extent and types of responses over time: broadly, policy related to IDU shifted from a focus on preventing HIV infection in the late 1980s and early 1990s to a focus on criminal justice issues at the end of the 1990s, with an increased emphasis on harm reduction from 2006 onwards.

This paper examines trends in HIV prevalence among PWID in England and Wales between 1990 and 2011, and considers these in the context of the changes in policy and responses.

Two decades of successes and failures in controlling  the transmission of HIV through injecting drug use in  England and Wales, 1990 to 2011

In 2016, the UN General Assembly will hold a Special Session (or ‘UNGASS’) on the issue of illicit drugs. The UNGASS will review member states’ progress on reducing drug supply and demand, and will shape the future direction of drug policy at the UN level.

Drug policy is a development issue: it has severe consequences for the health, livelihoods, and security of poor and marginalised people. The current international approach – dominated by a repressive “War on Drugs” approach that focuses on outlawing drug production and consumption – has exacted enormous financial and human cost.

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