This is a guide to regulating legal markets for the non-medical use of cannabis. It is for policy makers, drug policy reform advocates and affected communities all over the world, who are witnessing the question change from, 'Should we maintain cannabis prohibition?’ to ‘How will legal regulation work in practice?'

Just a few years ago, this book would have been largely theoretical. Now, however, the cannabis regulation debate has moved decisively into the political mainstream, and multiple cities, states and countries are considering, developing or implementing a range of regulated market models for the non-medical use of cannabis. So this book draws on evidence not only from decades of experience regulating alcohol, tobacco, and medicines, but also from Spain's non-profit 'cannabis social clubs', commercial cannabis enterprises in the US and the Netherlands, and Uruguay's government-controlled system of cannabis regulation.

This book will help guide all those interested in cannabis policy through the key practical challenges to developing and implementing an effective regulation approach aimed at achieving the safer, healthier world we all wish to see.

Keep up-to-date with drug policy developments by subscribing to the IDPC Monthly Alert.

How to regulate cannabis: A practical guide

The latest in the Global State of Harm Reduction series, when sex work and drug use overlap : Considerations for advocacy and practice examines the multiple and varied contexts within which drug use (including use of alcohol, hormones and image- and performance-enhancing drugs) and sex work overlap. It provides a snapshot of available evidence on the factors that contribute to vulnerability among people who sell sex and use drugs. Drawing on experience from the harm reduction and sex work communities, the report explores implications for practice, highlighting existing programmes that reach people who sell sex and use drugs around the world, and offering practical suggestions on how programmes can better serve this overlapping population.

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When sex work and drug use overlap

Taking stock of an off-track AIDS response: During 2011-2012, Uganda attracted concern—and criticism—as a result of its troubling epidemiological trends, indicating an off-track response to HIV. The Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey showed that prevalence had risen from 6.4 to 7.3% between 2006 and 2012 and incidence also rose during the same period. Condom use by men and women declined starkly over the same period—reported condom use during sex with a non-cohabitating partner declined significantly between 2005 and 2011 from 47% to 29% and from 53% to 38% among women and men, respectively. Importantly, Uganda was the only PEPFAR “Focus Country” reporting rising HIV incidence—all other PEPFAR focus countries have consistently reported declines in incidence as well as prevalence in recent years.

At the same time, recent game-changing scientific advances in HIV prevention and clinical care are making it possible for all high-burden countries to begin to achieve an “AIDS Free Generation,” defined as a halt to sexual transmission, an end to disease progression for those who are HIV positive, and an end to perinatal transmission. In particular, recent data show that HIV treatment is not only life saving but is also one of the most powerful prevention tools available—groundbreaking new research shows that earlier treatment of HIV positive people—at CD4>350—results in 96% reduction in the risk of HIV transmission through sex with an uninfected partner,4 is highly cost effective, and provides significant clinical benefit.6 Uganda’s faltering response means an attaining an AIDS Free Generation will take stronger, more urgent action—with bolder leadership.

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Ending AIDS in Uganda: What will it take?

The epidemiological reality of HIV infection in Egypt favours prioritizing efforts to the high risk groups rather than the general population. Hence, harm reduction should be at the core of interventions targeting HIV.

The current study revealed that there is still a long way to go to enhance the role of these interventions in influencing a significant behaviour change among target group.

Harm reduction in Egypt: The insight of injecting drug users

Responses to problematic drug use continue to improve in Scotland. Service provision is more coherent, waiting times are down and there is a clearer understanding that all steps in the recovery journey need to be supported.

Commissioners and services are focusing on raising standards at a time when resources are at a premium. SDF’s Big Lottery-funded National Quality Development Programme has helped in excess of 80 projects to implement changes aimed at improving recovery outcomes – often identifying ways to make better use of existing resources.

This is an evolving process. Needs identified by managers and frontline workers have led to the development of SDF’s well-received Sexual and Reproductive Health Initiative and intensified our focus on New Psychoactive Substances through training, events and collaborative working at local and strategic level.

We hope to attract further funding for our Quality Development initiative to help services implement the recommendations in the Opiate Replacement Therapies Review and the new Quality Improvement Framework, both of which underline the need for the wider psycho-social supports.

Scottish Drugs Forum: Annual report 2012/13

A new study published in the British Medical Journal Open finds that the prices of illegal drugs have generally declined while their purity has increased over the past twenty years, raising questions about the effectiveness of international law enforcement efforts to reduce drug supply. Researchers from the International Centre for Science in Drug Policy reviewed two decades of global drug surveillance data, finding that the supply of major illegal drugs has increased, as measured through a decline in the price, while there has been a corresponding general increase in the purity of illegal drugs.

“These findings add to the growing body of evidence that the war on drugs has failed,” said study co-author Dr. Evan Wood, Scientific Chair of the International Centre for Science in Drug Policy and Canada Research Chair in Inner City Medicine at the University of British Columbia. “We should look to implement policies that place community health and safety at the forefront of our efforts, and consider drug use a public health issue rather than a criminal justice issue. With the recognition that efforts to reduce drug supply are unlikely to be successful, there is a clear need to scale up addiction treatment and other strategies that can effectively reduce drug-related harm.”

Researchers reviewed indicators of drug supply in consumer markets such as Europe, the United States, and Australia, and drug seizures in drug-producing regions such as Latin America, Afghanistan, and Southeast Asia. Data were derived from government surveillance systems. The study found that:

With the exception of powder cocaine, the purity and/or potency of illegal drugs in the U.S. generally increased during the study period;

The price of illegal drugs, with few exceptions, generally decreased globally; and,

Seizures of cannabis, cocaine, and opiates generally increased in major drug production regions and major domestic markets.

The temporal relationship between drug supply indicators: An audit of international government surveillance systems

This set of brochures provides information on HIV and hepatitis prevention and treatment, harm reduction services and safer ways of injection.

Skoun Brochures on harm reduction

Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, consists of 7 million populations from original Kabuli and from different provinces and returnees from neighbor’s countries. Kabul is known as heroin transient smuggling way, consist of more than 1000,000 people who use drug countrywide and more than 20,000 injecting drug users, there is increment of drug users.

Since April 2006, MdM has been running a model Harm Reduction (HR) program targeting Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) in Kabul within the Afghan National HIV/AIDS framework. This program was designed to introduce HR in the country. Two of the major services introduced were ART (AntiRetroviral Therapy) in April 2009 and methadone (used as Opioid Substitution Therapy) in February 2010, to mitigate and reduce HIV/AIDS and other blood borne viruses (BBV) among IDUs.

For many years detoxification was the only intervention available, some authorities were opposite for the Harm Reduction Program even, much still to MMT. As detoxification has 90% relapsed (WHO), HIV prevalence and other BBV are increased day by day, and that’s why MDM attempted to start a Pilot MMT program in Afghanistan-Kabul for People who use drug particularly for injectors. Finally after much more attempts and struggling against Ministry of Counter Narcotic and DRC, MDM succeed to start Methadone Maintenance Therapy Practically in Kabul February 2010.

Drug users and methadone maintenance therapy impact

As with many western countries, New Zealand’s drug laws are out of date and are causing more harm than was originally intended. The laws carry the shadow of a prohibitionist past, have failed to keep up with innovations in drug production and supply and do not relate well to modern understandings of harm reduction and health protection.

The challenge of Benzylpiperazine (BZP) ‘party pills’ in the late 1990s and early 2000s made deficiencies in New Zealand’s drug law abundantly clear. No framework for controlling BZP and other party pills could be found within existing laws and regulations. An endless cat and mouse game began between the Government and the ‘legal high’ industry, with new psychoactive substances (NPS) coming onto the market as quickly as existing substances could be banned.

This prompted the New Zealand Government to order a review by the New Zealand Law Commission of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975 (MODA).

The recommendations from this review led to New Zealand’s ground-breaking and worldleading Psychoactive Substances Act 2013.

New Zealand’s small population and remote location make for a poor and risky market for international drug rings. Drugs like heroin and cocaine, which are present in other parts of the world, are relatively rare. The creation of NPS continues a long history of New Zealanders making the most of available resources to create
substitutes for drugs that are unavailable.

It is fitting then, that New Zealand has become the first country to pass legislation that seeks to regulate NPS to ensure they are low risk, rather than to control them through prohibition and punitive measures.

The Psychoactive Substances Act 2013 has been generally well-received by politicians, the ‘legal high’ industry and the public. It is also receiving considerable attention from like-minded jurisdictions around the world.

As we shall see, if is far from a perfect or final solution, but it bodes extremely well for future drug policy development and reform, both here and overseas.

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IDPC Briefing Paper - New Zealand’s psychoactive substances legislation

This 32-page report, entitled “Time to Listen”, describes U.S. policy as “on auto-pilot”, largely due to the powerful bureaucratic interests in the Pentagon and the Drug Enforcement Administration and their regional counterparts that have built up over decades.

“The counter-drug bureaucracies in the United States are remarkably resistant to change, unwilling to rethink and reassess strategies and goals,” said Lisa Haugaard, director of the Latin America Working Group Education Fund (LAWGEF) which released the report along with WOLA and the Centre for International Policy (CIP).

The report also noted that new security technologies, including drones, whose use by the U.S. and other countries is growing quickly throughout the region, and cyber-spying of the kind that prompted this week’s abrupt cancellation by Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff of her state visit here next month, pose major challenges to the security environment and civil liberties in the region.

Total U.S. aid to Latin America hit its highest level in more than two decades in 2010 – nearly 4.5 billion dollars – due to the costs of the “Merida Initiative”, a multi-year programme for fighting drug-trafficking in Mexico and Central America, and a major inflow of assistance to help Haiti recover from that year’s devastating earthquake.

But aid fell sharply in 2011 – to just 2.5 billion dollars – and is expected to decline to just 2.2 billion dollars in fiscal 2014, which begins Oct. 1.

Military and security assistance also reached its height in 2010, at 1.6 billion dollars, but has since declined to around 900 million dollars, largely as a result of the phase-out of Plan Colombia and the Merida Initiative. Central America is the only sub-region in which aid, including non-security assistance, is increasing significantly.

Time to listen: Trends in U.S. security assistance to Latin America and the Caribbean

Among the radical options that are often proposed for a drug policy reform is the creation of a system of licensed cannabis supply subject to taxation and regulation of supply and demand sides of the market. In this study, we consider a hypothetical reform of this kind and identify a long list of possible sources of net social cost and benefit that could result. We attempt to quantify them, using the concept of net external benefit as an evaluation criterion. Net external benefit is the total value in cash-equivalent terms of the costs and benefits that cannabis use imposes on society outside the user him/herself, and it therefore excludes the potential net benefits (‘enjoyment’) accruing to cannabis users in a reformed market.

Our evaluation is consequently conservative in that it contains an inherent bias in favour of the prohibitionist status quo. In our view, it is impossible with available UK evidence to produce a credible estimate of net consumption benefits. Despite the bias this entails, it gives a far more reliable picture of the policy question than the many widely-cited estimates of the “social cost of drug use”, which include internal costs (potential harms to drug users) but ignore completely the internal benefits which are the reason that recreational drugs are used in the first place.

The estimates underpinning our evaluation should not be seen as predictions of what would happen if such a policy were to be introduced in some future period, since they relate to the market situation as it existed in England and Wales in 2009/10, and they abstract from any transitional adjustments (and any accompanying transitional cost). We have not attempted to extend the evaluation to cover Scotland or Northern Ireland, since most of the data resources available to us cover England and Wales only.

In constructing the estimates, we consider a wide range of evidence and the difficulties involved in drawing conclusions from that evidence. We provide simple, largely subjective, quantitative indications of the degree of uncertainty involved in our estimates, some of which should be regarded as illustrative calculations rather than formal estimates. Our aim is not to produce a definitive cost-benefit analysis of a licensed and regulated cannabis market – which we believe to be impossible in the present state of knowledge – but to set out clearly the range of considerations that need to be considered in forming a view about this policy, and to indicate which aspects of the evaluation are likely to be critical to the outcome of a full cost-benefit analysis.

Licensing and regulation of  the cannabis market  in England and Wales: Towards a cost-benefit analysis

มีผู้ที่ถูกจำแนกว่าเป็นผู้ใช้ยาหลายแสนคนในจีนและทั่วภูมิภาคเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ที่ถูกควบคุมตัวเอาไว้โดยไม่ผ่านกระบวนการอันควรตามกฎหมาย พวกเขาอยู่ในศูนย์บำบัดและอาจถูกทรมานและได้รับความรุนแรงทั้งทางร่างกายและทางเพศโดยอ้างว่าเป็น “การรักษา” ฮิวแมนไรท์ว็อชต์ระบุในเอกสารสรุปที่เผยแพร่ในวันนี้ แหล่งทุนระหว่างประเทศและหน่วยงานสหประชาชาติให้การสนับสนุนและให้ทุนศูนย์ควบคุมตัวผู้ใช้ยา ซึ่งศูนย์เหล่านี้ปฏิเสธอย่างเป็นระบบไม่ให้ผู้ถูกควบคุมตัวมีสิทธิที่จะได้รับการรักษาด้านเอชไอวีและการพึ่งพายาอย่างเป็นผล ทั้งยังเพิกเฉยต่อปัญหาการใช้เป็นแรงงานทาสและการละเมิดอย่างอื่น

รายงาน 23 หน้ากระดาษที่ชื่อ “การทรมานในนามของการรักษา: การละเมิดสิทธิมนุษยชนในเวียดนาม จีน กัมพูชา และสปป.ลาว” (Torture in the Name of Treatment: Human Rights Abuses in Vietnam, China, Cambodia, and Lao PDR) สรุปผลการวิจัยบุคคลที่เคยถูกควบคุมตัวในศูนย์บังคับบำบัดใน เวียดนาม จีน กัมพูชา และสปป.ลาว โดยมีผู้ถูกจำแนกว่าเป็นผู้ใช้ยากว่า

350,000 คน และถูกควบคุมตัวโดยอ้างว่าเป็น “การรักษา” ในประเทศเหล่านี้เป็นระยะเวลามากถึงห้าปี ในหลายศูนย์ ผู้ใช้ยาถูกควบคุมตัวรวมกับคนจรจัด ผู้มีอาการบกพร่องทางจิต และเด็กเร่ร่อน และถูกบังคับให้ต้องฝึกปฏิบัติเหมือนทหาร มีการท่องคำขวัญ และต้องทำงานโดยถือเป็น “การบำบัด”

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